Core Knowledge and Skills

3.2 Cells

• Cell structure
• Microscopy
• Prokaryotes and viruses
• Mitosis
• Transport across cells
• Phagocytosis
• T cells and B cells
• Antibodies
• Vaccines
• HIV

3.1 Biological molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Nucleic acids
• Energy and ATP
• Water and its structure

Enriched Knowledge

• Considerations for and against vaccines
• The history of AIDS
• How are enzymes used in industry

Key Vocabulary

Cells:

Fractionation, grana, thylakoids, stroma, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, lamella, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, glycolipids, glycoproteins, facilitated diffusion, co-transport, Lymphocytes, phagocytosis, T cells, B cells, phagosome, lysozymes, antigens, cytotoxic T cells, humoral immunity, endocytosis, plasma cells, reverse transcriptase

Biological molecules:

Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharide, inhibition glycosidic, peptide, hydrolysis, condensation, triglycerides, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, helicase, polymerase, dipolar

Core Knowledge and Skills

3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment

• Gas exchange in insects
• Gas exchange in fish
• Gas exchange in a leaf
• Human gas exchange
• Enzymes and digestion
• Hemoglobin and transport
• The heart structure and cardiac cycle
• Blood vessels
• Transport in plants

Enriched Knowledge

• Ethics of dissections
• The effect of cystic fibrosis on gas exchange and digestion
• CHD

Key Vocabulary

Exchange:

Spiracles, gill filaments, gill lamella, countercurrent flow, xerophytes, micelles, endopeptidases, exopeptidases, dipeptidases, ileum,

Cardiac output, cohesion-tension theory, coronary arteries, hemoglobin, positive cooperativity, potometer, systole, translocation, diastole, tissue fluid, transpiration

Core Knowledge and Skills

3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms 

• Genes and codons
• DNA and chromosomes
• Protein synthesis
• Mutations
• Meiosis
• Adaptations
• Types of selection
• Species and taxonomy
• Diversity

Enriched Knowledge

• The impact we have on the planet around us.

Key Vocabulary

DNA and genes

Transcription, translation, gene loci, codons, Logarithithms, directional selection, stabilizing selection, courtship, taxonomy, species richness, index of diversity, standard deviation

Core Knowledge and Skills

3.7 Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems

• Blood glucose
• Diabetes
• Kidneys
• Monohybrid crosses
• Multiple alleles and dihybrid crosses
• Linkage
• Epistasis
• Chi-squared
• Hardy Weinburg principle
• Variation and selection
• Speciation and genetic drift
• Variations in population size
• Investigating population size
• Succession
• Conservation

3.6 Organisms respond to changes in their environment  

• Response in plants
• Photoreceptors
• Control of heart rate
• Neuron structure and nerve impulses
• Resting and action potentials
• Synapses
• Neurons
• Synaptic transmission
• Muscle structure
• Muscle contraction

Enriched Knowledge

• How does multiple sclerosis affect individuals?
• The effect of drugs on the nervous system
• The use of pace makers
• Should we be preventing succession?

Key Vocabulary

Genetics  

Adrenaline, adenylate cyclase, cyclic AMP, glomerular filtrate, proximal convoluted tubule, Codominance, monohyvrid, epistasis, atomsomal linkage, chi-squared, Allele frequency, gene pool, Hardy-weinberg,

Stimuli and response

Indoleacetic acid, Pacinian corpuscle, generator potential, myogenic stimulation, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, purkyne tissue, Myofibril, tropomosin, phosphocreatine, actinmyosin bridge, depolarization, action potential, myelinated axon

For a more detailed overview, please see below:

Response to the environment

Core Knowledge and Skills

3.5.3 Energy transfers in and between organisms

• Farming practices
• Nutrient cycles
• Eutrophication
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration

3.8 The control of gene expression

• Regulation of transcription and translation
• Genome projects
• Making and amplifying DNA fragments
• Recombinant DNA techniques
• Gene probes
• Genetic fingerprinting

Enriched Knowledge

• Ethics of our farming practices
• How can we as individuals reduce pollution?

Key Vocabulary

Energy transfer

Calorimetry, Gross primary production, net primary production, saprobionts, mycorrhizae, ammonification, nitrification, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, Photoionisation, calvin cycle, chemiosomotic theory, NADP, triose phosphate, GP, RuBP, pyruvate, acetate, alcetylcoenzyme A, Krebs cycle

For a more detailed overview, please see below:

Energy Transfers

The control of gene expression

Core Knowledge and Skills

3.8 The control of gene expression

• Regulation of transcription and translation
• Genome projects
• Making and amplifying DNA fragments
• Recombinant DNA techniques
• Gene probes
• Genetic fingerprinting

Key Vocabulary

Populations and ecosystems

Succession, hostile environment, sustainability, colonization, pioneer species, climax community, Frame shift, pluripotent, unipotent, induced pluripotent, somatic cell, methylation, acetylation tumour suppressor genes, oncogenes, PCR

For a more detailed overview, please see below:

The control of gene expression

Core Knowledge and Skills

• Atomic structure
• Amount of substances
• Energetics
• Kinetics and equilibrium
• Bonding
• Introduction to organic and alkanes
• Haloalkanes
• Alkenes

Enriched Knowledge

• Use of mass spectrometry
• Environmental impacts of addition polymers
• Lattice enthalpy and stability of salts in batteries and pharmaceuticals
• Calorific analysis of food products

Key Vocabulary

Atomic structure

• Isotopes, mass spectrometry, shells/orbits, ionisation energy

Amount of substances

• Mole, Avogadro constant

Energetics

• Bond energy, Enthalpy changes, calorimetry, Hess’ law

Kinetics and equilibrium

• Collision theory, maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, catalyst, Le Chatelier’s principle

Bonding

• Ionic bonding, covalent bonding, dative covalent bonding, metallic bonding

Introduction to organic and alkanes

• Nomenclature, stereoisomerism Fractional distillation, cracking, chlorination

Haloalkanes

• Ozone depletion

Alkenes

• Isomerism,  unsaturation, addition polymers

Core Knowledge and Skills

• Redox and periodicity
• Group 2 and group 7
• Transition metals (A2 content)
• Alcohols
• Organic analysis
• Reactions (A2 content)

Enriched Knowledge

• Other uses of chlorine
• Uses of EDTA

Key Vocabulary

Redox and periodicity

• Oxidation, reduction, redox, ionisation

Group 2 and group 7

• Hydroxides, sulfates, solubility, Halide ions

Transition metals (A2 content)

• Ligand exchange, oxidation states, redox, titrations, catalysis

Alcohols

• Oxidation, Combustion, Elimination reactions

Organic analysis

• Functional groups, test-tube reactions, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy

Reactions (A2 content)

• Metal-Aqua ions, bases

Core Knowledge and Skills

• Mock exam revision
• Isomerism (A2)
• Thermodynamics (A2)

Enriched Knowledge

• Thalidomide

Key Vocabulary

Isomerism

• Optical isomerism, chiral centers, racemic mixtures

Thermodynamics

• Born-Harber, Lattice enthalpies, Hydration, entropy, Gibbs free energy, Reaction feasibility

Core Knowledge and Skills

• Thermodynamics
• Rates
• Carbonyl chemistry
• Amines
• Polymers, amino acids proteins and DNA

Enriched Knowledge

• Azide dyes in textiles
• Cancer
• Anti-cancer medication
• Paracetamol and ibuprofen synthesis
• Jesse Boot and Boots the chemist
• Environmental impact of biodegradable polymers
• Protein folding and enthalpy

Key Vocabulary

Thermodynamics

Born-Harber, Lattice enthalpies, Hydration, entropy, Gibbs free energy, Reaction feasibility

Rates

Rate determining step

Carbonyl chemistry

Nomenclature, isomerism, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides,

Amines

Nucleophile

Polymers, amino acids proteins and DNA

Polymerization, polyesters, polyamides, zwitterions,

Core Knowledge and Skills

• Kinetics
• Electrode potential
• Acids bases and buffers
• Organic synthesis, structure and analysis
• Inorganic
• Periodicity Period 3 and 4

Enriched Knowledge

• Anti-cancer drug discovery and Taxol
• Sources and isolation of natural products Biomimetic synthesis of natural products
• Computer modelling and library assays to generate potential drug molecules
• Uses of NMR in organic synthesis

Key Vocabulary

Kinetics

• Kp expressions. Partial pressure

Electrode potential

• Electrode potentials, commercial cells, lithium cells, fuel cells

Acids bases and buffers

• Bronsted-Lowery acid and bases, titrations, buffers, Acid dissociation constant

Organic synthesis, structure and analysis

• Mass spectrometry, chromatography

Inorganic

• Oxides, melting points

Periodicity Period 3 and 4

• Period, oxides

Revision for exams